中链脂肪酸及其酯对致病菌的抑菌作用

中链脂肪酸甘油酯已经成为抗生素替代物研究的新热点。文章旨在探究月桂酸、单辛酸甘油酯、单月桂酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠炎沙门氏菌和鸡白痢沙门氏菌的抑菌效果。结果显示:月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对大肠埃希菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对金黄色葡萄球菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯、辛葵酸甘油酯对肠炎沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用;月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对鸡白痢沙门氏菌有显著(P<0.05)抑制作用。其中,月桂酸、单月桂酸甘油酯、单辛酸甘油酯对4种致病菌的作用效果随时间延长而增强。     

山核桃仁碱法脱涩工艺研究

为探索一种利用NaHCO₃对山核桃仁脱涩的碱法脱涩工艺,基于综合了脱涩率与感官评分的响应值,通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化其工艺参数,并对比碱法脱涩与传统的沸水脱涩对山核桃仁游离酚、结合酚含量,以及过氧化值、碘值、酸价等指标的影响。结果显示:优化后的碱法脱涩工艺参数为脱涩温度65 ℃,脱涩时间100 min,NaHCO₃质量分数5%,固液比(g·mL^-1)1∶15。在此条件下,山核桃仁的脱涩率为92.04%,感官评分为9.2分,响应值为75.47。与沸水脱涩相比,碱法脱涩既能去除苦涩味,又能更大限度地保留山核桃仁中的结合酚,减少油脂、脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,从而更好地保持山核桃仁的品质。     

Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

Drag force and reconfiguration of cultivated Saccharina latissima in current

The design of aquaculture systems requires an understanding of the drag forces on cultivated kelp. This study measured the drag on line segments of cultivated Saccharina latissima in a towing tank. The drag on segments of farm line with full kelp bundles and with stipes alone (fronds removed) was measured at tow speeds of 0.10 to 0.50 m/s. The drag on individual fronds cut from the line was also measured. Video images were collected to evaluate the plant reconfiguration. Both kelp blades and stipes contributed to the total drag force on the line bundle. Within the velocity range of our experiments, the kelp blades were essentially horizontal. However, the pronation of kelp stipes increased as flow velocity increased. The reconfiguration of kelp stipes was observed to decrease the vertical extent of the kelp bundle. Due to this reconfiguration, the measured force, $F$, increased with velocity, $U$, at a rate slower than quadratic, and was consistent with scaling laws derived for reconfiguration. Specifically, $F\sim U^{\alpha }$ with $\alpha =1.35\pm 0.17$.     

Practical use of response surface methodology for optimization of veterinary antibiotic removal using UV/H2O2 process

Three of the most commonly used veterinary antibiotics—enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and oxytetracycline (OTC)—were chosen as representative antibiotics for UV/H₂O₂ treatments. The objective was to determine the optimization of UV/H₂O₂ to remove antibiotics from aquaculture discharge water using response surface methodology. The degradation of the antibiotics was investigated under varying UV/H₂O₂ conditions in environments with different levels of pH, water matrices, humic acid, and constituent ions. The degradation results demonstrated that increasing the H₂O₂ dosage facilitated ENR degradation at a neutral pH while facilitating degradation of SMX and OTC at a slightly acidic pH. The optimum removal conditions for ENR, which was used in all influential effect experiments and the contact tank experiments, was obtained at 10 mM H₂O₂, a pretreated COD of 87.51 mg L⁻¹, and an initial pH of 6.15. Among the tested anions, only the presence of Cl^- showed slight positive effects on ENR degradation, due to the generation of secondary active radicals. During the reaction, the hydroxyl radical (OH) was present at a higher pH while singlet oxygen (¹O₂) was slightly present at a lower pH. The experimental results from H₂O₂ sequential addition indicated that freshly added H₂O₂ could quench the recently generated OH and therefore a high H₂O₂ concentration with frequent adding was not necessary. Our contact system reduced the ENR concentration in both the effluent reservoir and in the UV irradiation zone. The overall results supported the use of the UV/H₂O₂ system to treat remnant antibiotics in the discharge water.     

基于产业发展导向的浙北乡村景观规划探究

  目的  探究乡村景观品质提升与乡村产业结构优化有机结合的乡村发展路径。  方法  以浙北地区桐乡市荣星村、红星村和合星村等3个不同产业类型的村庄为例，采用理论分析与实证研究相结合的方法，进行基于产业发展导向的浙北乡村景观规划探索。  结果  复杂的产业结构和高强度经营对区域乡村发展造成了较大的影响，乡村产业发展遇到挑战、乡村社会发展动力不足和生态保护形势日益严峻是3个主要问题。依据乡村景观与乡村产业结构之间互为因果和相互影响的基本原理，提出了生产发展与生态保护相结合、历史遗存与文化惠民相耦合、遗址保护与文化景观相融合三大规划原则。  结论  构建了基于农业生产与生态保护相结合优化产业景观、历史遗存保护与文化惠民相耦合构建旅游景观，以及技艺传承与文化创新相融合塑造文创景观建设等具体的规划发展策略。图1表1参19     

热敏感流体空化数值模拟及流动特性分析

为描述和捕捉热敏感流体空化的流动特性,文中对Zwart-Gerber-Belamri(ZGB)空化模型进行了热力学修正.通过将ZGB模型与修正的ZGB空化模型对液氮绕二维水翼空化流动的模拟结果与Hord的试验数据进行对比. 结果表明:修正的ZGB空化模型对于热敏空化流动的模拟结果与试验数据更加吻合,特别是能够较好的预测水翼表面温度和压力的分布. 采用修正的ZGB空化模型对氟化酮绕NACA 0015三维水翼的空化流动进行研究,并将空腔脱落的演化过程与Kelly的试验数据进行对比,模拟结果可以合理预测到试验过程中三维水翼附近空腔的脱落及其演化过程,进一步证明了修正的ZGB空化模型对于不同热敏流体的适用性.最后,对热敏流体空化周期性脱落的动态特征进行了识别和分析.结果表明:Ω的等值面与脱落的空腔形状相似,这表明脱落的空腔区域中呈现大规模的旋涡运动.空腔的生长脱落使水翼壁面产生明显的温降,B因子能够有效的预测腔内温降.     

Public perceptions and attitudes toward green infrastructure on buildings: The case of the metropolitan area of Athens,Greece

As the impact of green space shrinkage in urban centers becomes obvious, local and regional authorities must adopt environmental planning policies that can help create new green areas to ensure a good quality of life for citizens, along with the rehabilitation of the natural environment. One approach is the promotion of green infrastructure on buildings, including multi-dwelling apartment buildings. In order to effectively promote green infrastructure on buildings, it is essential to comprehend public attitudes toward green infrastructure, so that suitable and effective strategies can be implemented by policy makers. In this study, eight hundred respondents were asked to provide their views on green infrastructure on buildings, on construction that should take place on blocks of apartments in order to accommodate green infrastructure and on the related benefits that may arise from creating green spaces on buildings. A structured questionnaire and stratified sampling were used for the interviews, which were conducted with apartment owners in two regional units of Athens. The results showed that most citizens are willing to proceed with the installation of a green roof, trellis or vertical garden, in order to improve the aesthetics and functionality of the building they live in. Most of the respondents are not familiar with the energy savings that may occur from the installation of a green roof, vertical trellis or garden and wish for a subsidy from the state in order to implement green building solutions. To conclude, the participants in our study are not environmentally aware, since they are not interested in energy conservation but only about the aesthetics of their building; furthermore, they expect to receive financial support from the state in order to make any changes to their home.     

浙江省油菜花期降水量风险评估

对浙江省66个县市(区)1971—2014年油菜花期降水量及油菜产量资料进行统计分析,并基于信息扩散的风险评估模型,对浙江省油菜花期降水量在各级降水量下的超越概率进行计算分析,评估各地油菜花期面临的旱涝风险;同时分析了浙江省油菜花期各级降水量风险值与油菜产量变化之间的关系。结果表明:油菜花期降水量严重过剩的风险高值区主要位于浙西南地区,降水量短缺风险高值区主要位于浙江省沿海岛屿及宁波的部分县市;浙江省油菜花期降水量短缺基本可以通过灌溉得到改善,但油菜减产与花期降水量过多显著相关,油菜花期降水量300 mm是油菜是否减产的阈值。该结果可为油菜种植合理布局及农业保险政策提供科学依据。     

亮氨酸对早期断奶湖羊瘤胃发育及细菌菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮中添加亮氨酸对早期断奶湖羊瘤胃发育及瘤胃细菌菌群组成的影响。选用36只5日龄的湖羊羔羊,依据体重相近原则随机分成对照组(C,0 g/d)、亮氨酸低剂量添加组(L,0.66 g/d)和高剂量添加组(H,1.33 g/d),每组4个重复,每个重复3只羔羊。于30日龄断奶当天每组每个重复取1只羔羊屠宰以获得瘤胃组织及内容物样品(n=4)。结果表明:H组瘤胃乳头的长度较C组显著增加(线性,P<0.01);添加亮氨酸可使瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸水平显著提高(二次,P=0.05),但并未改变乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的摩尔比例(P>0.05);与C组相比,L与H组的瘤胃氨态氮浓度均显著降低(线性,P<0.05;二次,P>0.05);L组羔羊瘤胃内容物中微生物蛋白含量显著高于C组(二次,P=0.05);亮氨酸的添加并未改变瘤胃细菌物种丰富度和多样性指数,但对菌群组成有一定影响;L组瘤胃内最多的是厚壁菌门(49.5%);H组拟杆菌门(51.4%)显著高L和C组(二次,P=0.05);H组的普雷沃氏菌属最多(线性,P>0.05;二次,P>0.05),而L组的巨型球菌属最多(二次,P <0.01);与C组相比,L组的双歧杆菌属(二次,P<0.05)和光岗菌属显著增加(二次,P<0.05)。由此可见,添加亮氨酸可促进羔羊瘤胃发育,改变瘤胃细菌菌群组成。